Reduced data transfer during processor context switching

ABSTRACT

Data transfer during processor context switching is reduced, particularly in relation to a time-sharing microtasking programming model. Prior to switching context of a processor having local memory from a first to a second process, a portion of the local memory that does not require transfer to system memory for proper saving of data associated with the first process is determined. The context of the processor is then switched from the first to the second process, including transferring all of the local memory as the data associated with the first process, to system memory—except for the portion of the local memory that has been determined as not requiring saving to the system memory for proper saving of the data associated with the first process. Therefore, switching the context from the first to the second process results in a reduction of data transferred from the local memory to the system memory.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a time-sharing, microtaskingprogramming model for process execution on processors, and moreparticularly to context switching of a processor between a first processand a second process, such that reduced data transfer is achieved.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Multi-tasking computing systems allow a single processor to execute manydifferent tasks. The context of a processor refers to the currentprocess that the processor is executing, including the data stored inlocal memory of or for the process that is associated with the processin question. Such local memory is typically on-die with the processor,and is that which is used by the processor to execute a process. When aprocessor switches contexts, this means that the processor is switchingfrom execution of one process to execution of another process.

When a processor switches contexts from a first process to a secondprocess, the data stored in the local memory for the processor and thatis associated with the first process has to be saved to other memory,typically system memory for the computing system as a whole. The datastored in the system memory that is associated with the second processis then transferred to the local memory, so that the second process canbe executed by the processor appropriately. In general, the portion ofthe process to be executed by the processor, and the data for thatportion, have to be able to fit into the local memory for the processor.

In some types of systems, a programmer is able to explicitly control thetransfer of the local memory to the system memory when a processorswitches contexts. However, this can place an undue burden on theprogrammer. For instance, typically a computer program is made up of anumber of processes, that may be able to be executed in parallel onmultiple processors of a given system. As a result, the programmer hasto keep track of when to switch contexts, and more significantly whatlocal memories of which processors to save or transfer back to systemmemory during such context switching.

For this and other reasons, therefore, there is a need for the presentinvention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to reduced data transfer during processorcontext switching, particularly in relation to a time-sharingmicrotasking programming model. A computer-implemented method of oneembodiment of the invention performs the following. Prior to switchingcontext of a processor having local memory from a first process to asecond process, the method determines a portion of the local memory thatdoes not require transfer to system memory for proper saving of dataassociated with the first process to system memory. The method thenswitches the context of the processor from the first process to thesecond process. This includes transferring all of the local memory asthe data associated with the first process, to system memory—but exceptfor the portion of the local memory that has been determined as notrequiring saving to the system memory for proper saving of the dataassociated with the first process to the system memory. Therefore,switching the context of the processor from the first to the secondprocess results in a reduction of data transferred from the local memoryof the processor to the system memory.

A system of an embodiment of the invention includes one or moreprocessors, local memory for each of the processors, system memoryshared by all of the processors, a number of processes executed by theprocessors in accordance with a time-sharing, microtasking programmingmodel, and a scheduling mechanism. A process is executed by one of theprocessors and data needed and used by this process has a size less thanthe local memory of that processor. The scheduling mechanism is toschedule execution of the processes on the processors. Switchingexecution on a processor from a first process to a second processresults in transfer of all of the local memory of the processor, as thedata associated with the first process, to system memory, except for aportion of the local memory that does not require transfer for propersaving of the data associated with the first process to the systemmemory.

An article of manufacture of an embodiment of the invention includes atangible computer-readable medium, and means in the medium. The tangiblemedium may be a recordable data storage medium, or another type oftangible computer-readable medium. The means may be implemented as acomputer program, for instance. The means is for switching the contextof a processor having local memory from a first process to a secondprocess. This includes transferring all of the local memory as the dataassociated with the first processor, to system memory, except for aportion of the local memory that is not required to be saved to thesystem memory for proper saving of the data associated with the firstprocess to the system memory.

Embodiments of the invention provide for advantages over the prior art.Like the prior art, a programmer in accordance with the presentinvention can use a time-sharing, microtasking programming model toimplement a computer program over a number of processes, so that theprogrammer does not have to concern him or herself with the transfer oflocal memory to system memory, and vice-versa, during context switching.However, unlike the prior art, during context switching, not necessarilyall of the local memory is transferred to system memory. Rather, justthe part of the local memory that is needed to properly save the dataassociated with the process currently being executed by the processor inquestion is transferred to system memory. Stated another way, theportion of local memory that is not required to be saved to systemmemory for proper saving of the data associated with the processcurrently being executed by the processor is not transferred to systemmemory.

As such, embodiments of the invention result in increased performancewhen employing the time-sharing, microtasking programming model. Aprogrammer still does not have to concern him or herself withtransferring local memory to system memory, and vice-versa, duringcontext switching. At the same time, however, local memory istransferred intelligently to system memory, and vice-versa, so that justthe data stored in the local memory is actually transferred to thesystem memory, and vice-versa, to improve performance.

That is, embodiments of the invention employ a time-sharing,microtasking programming model to alleviate burdens on the programmer.In such a programming model, each time a processor switches contexts,the data associated with the switching-from process is automaticallytransferred from local memory for the processor to system memory, andthe data associated with the switching-to process is automaticallytransferred from the system memory to the local memory. As such, theprogrammer does not have concern him or herself with programmingexplicit instructions to control transfer of the data associated with aprocess to and from the local memory of a given processor. Still otheradvantages, aspects, and embodiments of the invention will becomeapparent by reading the detailed description that follows, and byreferring to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings referenced herein form a part of the specification.Features shown in the drawing are meant as illustrative of only someembodiments of the invention, and not of all embodiments of theinvention, unless otherwise explicitly indicated, and implications tothe contrary are otherwise not to be made.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a computerized system, according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting context switching, according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a representative local memory to depict why it isnot necessary to transfer all of the local memory to system memoryduring context switching, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for context switching, according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example in which not all of the local memoryis needed to be transferred to system memory, and vice-versa, duringcontext switching, from the perspective of the receiver process,according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of the example of FIG. 5 in which not all of thelocal memory is needed to be transferred to system memory, andvice-versa, during context switching, from the perspective of the senderprocess, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of another example in which not all of the localmemory is needed to be transferred to system memory, and vice-versa,during context switching, according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of theinvention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form apart hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specificexemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. Theseembodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilledin the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized,and logical, mechanical, and other changes may be made without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the present invention. The followingdetailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense,and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appendedclaims.

FIG. 1 shows a system 100, according to an embodiment of the invention.The system 100 is depicted as including a die, or chip, 102, systemmemory 104, processes 106, and a scheduling mechanism 108. As can beappreciated by those of ordinary skill within the art, the system 100may include other components, in addition to and/or in lieu of thoseshown in FIG. 1.

On the die 102 is implemented a number of processors 110A, 110B, . . . ,110N, collectively referred to as the processors 110. Because theprocessors 110 are implemented on the same die or chip 102, they may bereferred to as processor cores. While the processors 110 are shown inthe embodiment of FIG. 1 as being implemented on the same die or chip102, in another embodiment, they may each be implemented on a separatedie or chip. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention are amenable toimplementation where there is just a single processor.

The processors 110 have corresponding local memory 112A, 112B, . . . ,112N, collectively referred to as the local memory 112. The local memoryfor a given processor is directly accessible only by that processor, andnot by the other processors directly. The local memory 112 may belevel-two (L2) memory, such as cache memory, or it may be non-cachememory.

The local memory 112 have corresponding memory controllers 114A, 114B, .. . , 114N, collectively referred to as the controllers 114. Thecontrollers 114 may be direct-memory access (DMA) controllers. Thepurpose of the controllers 114 is to transfer contents of theircorresponding local memory 112 to the system memory 104, via the bus116, and vice-versa. A shorthand notation is used herein, where it issaid that local memory is transferred to system memory, or that systemmemory is transferred to local memory. As can be appreciated by those ofordinary skill within the art, this is understood to mean that thecontents of the local memory in question are transferred to systemmemory, or that the contents of the system memory are transferred to thelocal memory in question.

The system memory 104 is shared by all the processors 110, andpreferably is not part of the same dies or chips that contain theprocessors 110. In general, the system memory 104 is larger in size thaneach of the local memory 112. However, while the processors 110 candirectly and quickly access their corresponding local memory 112, thesame is not true of the system memory 104. That is, the processors 110can only indirectly and more slowly access the system memory 104, viatheir controllers 114 copying the system memory 104 to their localmemory 112, using the bus 116. The system memory 104 is thus slower thanthe local memory 112.

The processes 106 may be part of the same or different computer program.Each of the processes 106 includes computer code, as well as data,stored in the system memory 104. A given of the processors 110 canexecute one of the processes 106 at any given time. The schedulingmechanism 108, which may be implemented in software, hardware, or acombination of software and hardware, schedules which of the processes106 are to be executed by which of the processors 110 at various times.

When a given processor is to switch execution from a first process to asecond process, it is said to switch context. That is, it switchescontext from the first process's context to the second process'scontext. The computer code and the data of the first process aretransferred from the local memory of the processor to the system memory104. Then, the code and the data of the second process are transferredfrom the system memory 104 to the local memory. Thereafter, theprocessor can begin executing the second process as appropriate.

FIG. 2 illustratively depicts the context switching process, accordingto an embodiment of the invention, in exemplary relation to the localmemory 112A for the processor 110A. The context of the first processthat is currently being executed by the processor 110A is transferredfrom the local memory 112A to the portion 202 of the system memory 104,as denoted by the arrow 204. Thereafter, the context of the secondprocess that is then to be executed by the processor 110A is transferredfrom the portion 206 of the system memory 104 to the local memory 112A,as denoted by the arrow 208.

FIG. 3 shows, however, why not the entire context of a process beingswitched needs to be transferred from the local memory 112A, accordingto an embodiment of the invention. That is, FIG. 3 shows why not all thecontents of the local memory 112A need to be transferred to the systemmemory 104. The local memory 112A is depicted in FIG. 3 as storing thecontext for a process that is to be switched from by the processor 110A.As such, the local memory 112A includes a changed data portion 302, aconstant data portion 304, and an unused portion 306.

Within the prior art, all the portions 302, 304, and 306 of the localmemory 112A are transferred to the system memory 104 when switchingcontext for the processor 110A. However, embodiments of the inventionintelligently switch context for the processor 110A. Therefore, it isrecognized that the constant data portion 304 does not need to betransferred to the system memory 104, because the data has not changedin this portion since being transferred from the system memory 104.Likewise, it is recognized that the unused data portion 306 does notneed to be transferred to the system memory 104, since it is not used bythe process in question being executed.

As a result, embodiments of the invention only transfer the changed dataportion 302 of the local memory 112A to the system memory 104 whenswitching context for the process in question, and do not transfer theother portions 304 and 306 of the local memory 112A. Because less of thelocal memory 112A is transferred to the system memory 104 during contextswitching, overall system performance improves. Methods and manners bywhich portions of the local memory 112A not to be transferred to thesystem memory 104 are identified are now discussed and described.

First, FIG. 4 shows a method 400 of the general process followed forcontext switching, according to an embodiment of the invention. Themethod 400 is described in relation to a first process and a secondprocessor to be executed by a processor having local memory. The contextof the processor is the process context that is currently or is to beexecuted by the processor. For instance, the context of the firstprocess is the context of the processor when the processor is currentlyexecuting or is to execute the first process. Likewise, the context ofthe second process is the context of the processor when the processor iscurrently executing or is to execute the second process.

Therefore, the processor begins by executing the first process (402). Atsome point, it is decided that the processor should instead execute thesecond process. This decision may be made by the scheduling mechanism108 of FIG. 1, for instance.

As a result, it is determine the portion of the local memory of theprocessor that does not require transfer to system memory for propersaving of the data associated with the first process to the systemmemory (404). Proper saving in this regard means that all the data thatneeds to be saved for the first process to system memory so that suchdata can be later retransferred back to the local memory of the same ordifferent processor for continued execution of the first process isindeed transferred to the system memory. For example, in the example ofFIG. 3, this would be the changed data portion 302, and not the portions304 and 306 of the local memory 112A.

Determining the portion of local memory of the process that does notrequire transfer to system memory for proper saving of the dataassociated with the first process to the system memory may beaccomplished by the processor automatically during context switching.Different ways by which this portion of local memory is determined aredescribed in detail later in the detailed description. Other mechanismsand/or components of the system 100, in addition to the processor inquestion, may further make this determination in various embodiments ofthe invention.

Thereafter, the processor switches context from the first process to thesecond process (406). Context switching, as has been described, includestransferring all of the local memory—as the data associated with thefirst process—to the system memory, except for the portion of the localmemory that has been determined as not requiring saving to the systemmemory for proper saving of the data associated with the first processto the system memory. The second process's context is then transferredfrom the system memory to the local memory. The processor can finallyexecute the second process (408).

In some embodiments, the present invention is intended for a computerprogram that uses a library to perform inter-process communication. Insuch situations, an application programming interface (API) may becalled by a process to specify the portion of the local memory that doesnot need to be transferred to system memory when switching context. Suchand other embodiments of the invention may employ a message-passinginterface (MPI) to provide for communication among the processes,although this is not required by all embodiments of the invention.

That is, at least some of the embodiments described below are inrelation to a sender process calling an MPI to send data to a receiverprocess calling the MPI, where the receiver process receives the data.Therefore, the context switches between the sender process and thereceiver process. The issue, then, is determining which of the localmemory does not have to be transferred to the system memory (andvice-versa) when context switching in such a situation occurs.

In one embodiment, the portion of the local memory that is not requiredto be transferred to system memory when switching context is determinedas that which is always not being used by the process in question. Thatis, the process may need only a portion of the local memory in order tobe executed. The other portion of the local memory, therefore, is neverneeded by the process, and therefore this is the portion that is notrequired to be transferred to system memory when switching context.

For example, within the specification of the MPI, there may be a receivebuffer area for a receiver process. It may be assumed that a processwhich has called a message receive function enters a halt state in orderto wait for data transmission from the sender process, and contextsaving is performed in relation to this. At that time, a memory areawhich is provided to this function in question acts as a receive buffer,and is that which is overwritten by received data. Therefore, the datain this area does not have to be saved or restored during contextswitching.

In another embodiment, the portion of the local memory that is notrequired to be transferred to system memory when switching context isdetermined as that which has not changed since being transferred fromthe system memory earlier, and thus is otherwise constant. That is, theprocess may when having its context switched to the processor, have hadcertain data moved from the system memory to the local memory. Duringexecution of the process, this data may not have been modified.Therefore, the data as stored in the local memory does not need to betransferred back to the system memory during context switching away fromthis process.

For example, send and receive buffers can be employed in relation to theembodiment employing MPI. To perform inter-process communication, ingeneral it may be needed that a sender process writes data temporarilyto a communication buffer area within the system memory, and a receiverprocess reads therefrom. For instance, during the time after the data istransferred to the communication buffer within the system memory viaDMA, the contents of this memory area already exists in the systemmemory. Therefore, there is no need to store these contents again withinthe system memory during context switching. Similarly, after thereceiver process actually transfers the data from the system memory tothe local memory, even if context switching is performed, the same dataexists in both the local memory and the system memory. Therefore, thereis no need to transfer this data again during context switching.

In another embodiment, the portion of the local memory that is notrequired to be transferred to system memory when switching context isdetermined as that which is not temporarily being used. This situationis different than the earlier embodiment as a portion of local memorythat will always not being used. Here, for the current execution of theprocess in question, it can be known that a certain portion of the localmemory is not being used, such that this portion does not need to betransferred to system memory. However, subsequent execution of theprocess may utilize this portion of the local memory, so thenon-transfer of this portion of memory is not subsequently guaranteed.

For example, there may be a stack area or the like within the localmemory during context switching. During the period of time until theprocess in question is saved next time after the process is restored bya subsequent context switch, with respect to the data that is notaccessed during this time period, such data can be omitted during themost immediate context switch. For instance, when it is known that anumber of context switches take place in a given function through staticanalysis at the time of compiling the program, through profiling, and soon, it suffices that a stack frame for all functions corresponding to anancestor of the function may be saved at the first context switching,and restored at the last context switching. During intermediate contextswitching, the transfer of this stack frame is unnecessary. Unused localvariables may further not need to be saved back to system memory orrestored back from system memory.

Furthermore, in addition to the reduction of transfer of local memory tosystem memory at the time of context scheduling, a scheduling of aprocess can result in the reduction of the transfer of the local memory.That is, when data is shared among processes before and after a contextswitch, the data transfer subsequent to the context switch may beomitted in some cases, by leaving the data which was in the local memorybefore the context switch there during and after the context switch. Forinstance, when the data which is transmitted by a current process is tobe received by the next-performed process within the same processorcore, transmitted and received data may remain in the local memory, andneed not be transferred to or from the system memory during the contextswitching process.

Therefore, in one embodiment, the amount of data transferred from localmemory to system memory during context transfer is reduced bydiscriminating a memory area where omission of such transfer is achievedby using an argument of an API call, on the basis of knowledge of thesemantics of the communications library API at the time of the contextswitch. This is now described in relation to exemplary computer programcode to receive data:

main( ) { for (i=0; i<n; i++) { MPI_Irecv(buf, size, MPI_DOUBLE,rank_sender, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &request); MPI_Wait(&request,&status); compute( ); } }

It is presumed that after performing the call MPI_Irecv, which is an MPIcall to receive data, the data from the sender process is not yetreceived at the time of the MPI_Wait call, which is an MPI to halt thecurrent (calling) process. Therefore, a context switch occurs. At thistime, a memory area from the address buf to the address buf+size isspecified as a receiving buffer in the MPI_Irecv, and is overwritten byreceived data after the process is next resumed. Specifically, since thedata in this area at the time of performing the MPI_Irecv is not goingto be used in the future, during the period after performing theMPI_Irecv and before actual data transfer, the data in this area neednot be saved even when switching context. Furthermore, when the contextof this process is next read, the data in this area need not be restored(i.e., transferred back to local memory from system memory). During theperiod after the completion of the actual data transfer until MPI_Wait,with respect to the data in this area, the same data is retained withinthe communication buffer, of the system memory, such that saving thecontext (i.e., transferring the local memory to the system memory) isunnecessary.

FIG. 5 shows a summary 500 of this example, such that the entirecontents of local memory do not need to be saved to system memory,according to an embodiment of the invention. Within the memory area tobe used as the receive buffer in MPI_Irecv, the data in this area isunnecessary during the period of time from the completion of MPI_Irecvuntil the data is actually transferred after completion of an MPI_Isend(which is the MPI call to send the data being received via the callMPI_Irecv), for instance, at the sender process to actually send thedata. Thus, saving and restoring this context is unnecessary. Since thedata in this area is present in the system memory during the perioduntil the performance of the MPI-Wait after the actual data transfer,resaving the context is not necessary. A reduction in the amount of dataduring context switching is thus incurred.

FIG. 6 shows a summary 600 of this example, from the perspective of thesender process, according to an embodiment of the invention. That is,while the summary 500 of FIG. 5 shows this example from the perspectiveof execution of the receiver process, the summary 600 of FIG. 6 depictsthis example from the perspective of execution of the sender processor.Similar to FIG. 5, then, during the period of time after the completionof the actual data transfer until the MPI_Wait, saving the context inthis area is unnecessary.

In another embodiment, the amount of data transferred from local memoryto system memory during an immediate context transfer is reduced bydetermining the portion of the local memory that does not requiretransfer to the system memory until later context switching. That is,such data is not transferred during the period until another, latercontext switch occurs, and such data may be determined by staticanalysis of the computer program code of a process. This is nowdescribed in relation to the following exemplary computer program code:

main( ) { int i; .... i = communicate( ); .... } int communicate(void) {int result; .... // perform some calculation MPI_Irecv(buf1, size,MPI_DOUBLE, rank_sender1, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &request);MPI_Wait(&request, &status); //context switch in MPI_Wait .... //perform some calculation MPI_Irecv(buf2, size, MPI_DOUBLE, rank sender2,tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &request); MPI_Wait(&request, &status); //contextswitch in MPI_Wait return result; }

This computer program code assumes that it is known before execution, byusing static analysis, that context switches occur at two MPI_Wait callswithin the communicate function. In this situation, a stack frame of amain function is essentially unnecessary between the first and secondcontext switches. For this reason, when returning from the first contextswitch and when saving data within the second context switch, the stackframe of the main function does not need to be transferred.

However, this optimization may not be applied in the case where there isaccess to the stack frame of the main function via some pointer.Otherwise, it may be possible that at this entrance of the communicatefunction the stack frame of the main function is saved to system memory,and the saving of this portion of local memory is omitted during thefirst context switch. This approach is more effective, since thetransfer function is hidden within the communicate function.

Furthermore, saving and restoring of unnecessary data other than thestack frame can be omitted. In the extreme situation where the firstMPI_Wait and the second MPI_Irecv are performed consecutively, such thatthere is no code in-between, it suffices that only the extremely limiteddata, such as text data, are transferred upon returning from the contextswitch in the first MPI_Wait. Additionally, within the communicatefunction, local variables other than the variable result are never usedafter the second context switch. Therefore, these other local variables,as stored in the local memory, do not need to be transferred to systemmemory during the second context switch, nor do they need to be restoredthereafter.

In another embodiment, the amount of data transferred from local memoryto system memory during context transfer is reduced by determining theportion of the local memory that is shared between the process beingswitched from and the process being switched to. That is, data that isshared between these two processes may remain in the local memory, anddoes not need to be transferred to or from system memory during contextswitching from the first such process to the second such process. FIG. 7shows such an example 700 of reducing the amount of data transferredfrom local memory to system memory during context switching, accordingto an embodiment of the invention. In particular, the left column 702shows the case where such shared data is still transferred back to andfrom system memory during context switching, whereas the right column704 shows the inventive case where such shared data is not transferredback to and from system memory during context switching.

It is assumed that the sender process executes synchronous transmissionof data, via MPI_Isend, and the receiver process is now at a halt statewaiting for reception but ultimately receives the data. Therefore, inorder to execute the synchronous transmission of data, when the senderprocess temporarily enters into the halt state and the context isswitched to the receiver process, this transmitted data is shared byboth processes. As a result, retransfer of the data from local memory tosystem memory, and then from the system memory to the local memory, isunnecessary. That is, in comparing the left column 702 and the rightcolumn 704, it is apparent that the same result is achieved, even thoughdata transfer back to system memory does not occur in the right column704. Therefore, this means that the right column 704 provides for bettersystem performance, while still achieving the same functionality as theleft column 702.

It is noted that, although specific embodiments have been illustratedand described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skillin the art that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purposemay be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This applicationis thus intended to cover any adaptations or variations of embodimentsof the present invention. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that thisinvention be limited only by the claims and equivalents thereof.

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: prior to switching contextof a processor having local memory from a first process to a secondprocess, determining a portion of the local memory that does not requiretransfer to system memory for proper saving of data associated with thefirst process to the system memory, without interaction with the firstprocess itself such that the first process is not involved in thedetermining; switching the context of the processor from the firstprocess to the second process, including transferring all of the localmemory as the data associated with the first process to the systemmemory, except for the portion of the local memory that has beendetermined as not requiring saving to the system memory for propersaving of the data associated with the first process to the systemmemory, such that switching the context of the processor from the firstprocess to the second process results in a reduction of data transferredfrom the local memory of the processor to the system memory as comparedto transferring all of the local memory including the portion of thelocal memory, prior to switching the context of the processor from thefirst process to the second process, executing the first process by theprocessor; and, after switching the context of the processor from thefirst process to the second process, executing the second process by theprocessor, wherein switching the context of the processor from the firstprocess to the second process further includes transferring a portion ofthe system memory associated with the second process to the local memoryof the processor, for use by the second process during execution of thesecond process by the processor, wherein determining the portion of thelocal memory that does not require transfer to the system memory forproper saving of the data associated with the first process to thesystem memory comprises determining the portion of the local memory asboth: temporarily unused by the first process during execution of thefirst process by the processor; and, not requiring transfer to thesystem memory until subsequent switching of the context in relation tothe first process; wherein the local memory of the processor isnon-cache memory and is located on-die to the processor, wherein thefirst and the second processes are not involved in determining at whatpoint of the first process the context of the processor is switched fromthe first process to the second process, and wherein a user does not apriori specify at what point of the first process the context of theprocessor is switched from the first process to the second process. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein determining the portion of the localmemory that does not require transfer to the system memory for propersaving of the data associated with the first process to the systemmemory further comprises: determining a portion of the local memory thatthe first process always does not use, as the portion of the localmemory that does not require transfer to the system memory for propersaving of the data associated with the first process to the systemmemory.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the portion of thelocal memory that does not require transfer to the system memory forproper saving of the data associated with the first process to thesystem memory further comprises: determining a portion of the localmemory that has not changed since a last time the portion of the localmemory has been transferred to the system memory, as the portion of thelocal memory that does not require transfer to the system memory forproper saving of the data associated with the first process to thesystem memory.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the portionof the local memory that does not require transfer to the system memoryfor proper saving of the data associated with the first process to thesystem memory further comprises: determining a portion of the localmemory that the first process is temporarily using, as the portion ofthe local memory that does not require transfer to the system memory forproper saving of the data associated with the first process to thesystem memory.